In November, the estimated production of cereals, legumes, and oilseeds for 2025 should total 345.9 million tonnes, 18.2% higher than that obtained in 2024 (292.7 million tonnes), with an increase of 53.2 million tonnes; and 0.1% above that reported in October, with an increase of 313,700 tonnes.

The area to be harvested is 81.5 million hectares, a growth of 3.1% compared to the area harvested in 2024, with an increase of 2.5 million hectares, and an increase of 0.1% (66,804 thousand hectares) compared to October.

Rice, corn, and soybeans are the three main products in this group, which together accounted for 92.5% of the estimated production and 87.9% of the area to be harvested. Compared to the previous year, there were increases of 5.8% in the area to be harvested for upland cottonseed; 10.9% for paddy rice; 3.6% for soybeans; 4.2% for corn (a decline of 5.7% in first-crop corn and growth of 7.0% in second-crop corn); and 16.0% for sorghum; with declines of 7.0% in beans and 18.6% in wheat.

Regarding production, there were increases of 11.5% for upland cottonseed; 18.8% for paddy rice; 14.5% for soybeans; 23.5% for corn (growth of 12.4% for first-crop corn and 26.2% for second-crop corn); 35.4% for sorghum; 5.1% for wheat; and a decrease of 3.0% for beans.

Brazilian grain crops are expected to total 335.7 million tonnes in 2026

The Brazilian grain harvest (cereals, legumes and oilseeds) in 2025 is expected to total 335.7 million tonnes, a decline of 3.0% compared to 2025 or 10.2 million tonnes. The decline in production compared to the 2025 crop is mainly due to lower projected estimates for corn (-6.8% or -9.6 million tonnes, representing a 6.4% increase compared to the first crop and a 9.7% decrease compared to the second crop), sorghum (-14.6% or -787,900 tonnes), rice (-8.0% or -1.0 million tonnes), seed cotton (-11.6% or -1.1 million tonnes), wheat (-4.0% or -319,200 tonnes), and first-crop beans (-3.5% or -33,600 tonnes).

For soybeans, the production estimate was 166.0 million tonnes. For corn, the estimate was 141.6 million tonnes (25.8 million tonnes of corn in the first crop and 115.9 million tonnes of corn in the second crop). Rice (paddy) production was estimated at 12.6 million tonnes; wheat at 7.9 million tonnes; upland cotton (seed) at 9.9 million tonnes; and sorghum at 5.4 million tonnes.

The production estimate for cereals, legumes, and oilseeds showed a positive annual change for all geographic regions: Central-West (23.6%), South (10.3%), Southeast (19.5%), Northeast (7.7%), and North (21.9%). Regarding the monthly change, production growth was observed in the South (0.3%), North (0.4%), and Southeast (0.1%). The Central-West region showed stability (0.0%) and the Northeast region declined (-0.3%).

Mato Grosso leads as the largest national grain producer, with a 32.0% share, followed by Paraná (13.5%), Goiás (11.2%), Rio Grande do Sul (9.4%), Mato Grosso do Sul (8.1%), and Minas Gerais (5.5%), which together accounted for 79.7% of the total. Regarding regional shares, the distribution is as follows: Central-West (51.7%), South (25.0%), Southeast (8.9%), Northeast (8.0%), and North (6.4%).

Highlights in the November 2025 estimate compared to the previous month

Compared to October, there were increases in the production estimates for sorghum (3.4% or 174,963 t), barley (2.9% or 17,352 t), upland cottonseed (0.7% or 72,609 t), wheat (0.6% or 46,155 t), oats (0.3% or 4,674 t), second-crop corn (0.3% or 314,288 t), and soybeans (0.0% or 44,681 t), as well as declines in cashew nuts (-5.8% or -8,405 t), first-crop beans (-2.7% or -26,522 t), first-crop corn (-1.2% or -313,986 t), third-crop beans (-0.5% or -3,840 t) and second-crop bean (-0.3% or -4,026 t).

Among the Major Regions, the volume of cereal, legume, and oilseed production was distributed as follows: Central-West, 178.7 million tonnes (51.7%); South, 86.4 million tonnes (25.0%); Southeast, 30.9 million tonnes (8.9%); Northeast, 27.8 million tonnes (8.0%); and North, 22.2 million tonnes (6.4%).

The main positive absolute changes in production estimates, compared to the previous month, occurred in Paraná (214,900 t), Mato Grosso (62,195 t), Tocantins (40,530 t), Pará (31,552 t), Santa Catarina (29,708 t), Minas Gerais (25,308 t), Amazonas (14,713 t), Sergipe (10,255 t), Maranhão (8,260 t), Acre (2,584 t), Roraima (2,108 t), Rondônia (187 t), Rio de Janeiro (8 t) and Amapá (3 t). Negative changes occurred in Paraíba (-43,883 t), Piauí (-27,242 t), Ceará (-18,426 t), the Federal District (-18,013 t), Alagoas (-13,087 t), Goiás (-3,559 t), Pernambuco (-3,170 t), and Rio Grande do Norte (-1,225 t).

UPLAND COTTONSEED – The estimate for cotton production is 9.9 million tonnes. Compared to the previous month, there was a 0.7% increase in the production estimate. Production is 11.5% higher than that obtained in 2024. As in 2023 and 2024, Brazilian cotton production in 2025 is a record in the IBGE's time series. Mato Grosso, Brazil's largest producer, accounting for 72.6% of the national total, presented a production of 7.2 million tonnes, a 0.1% increase compared to the previous month. Bahia is the largest producer in the Northeast Region and the second largest in Brazil, responsible for 18.2% of the national crop. Irregular rainfall distribution and infestation by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and caterpillars reduced the expected average productivity in the far west of the state.

CASHEW NUTS (almonds) – In November, the national cashew nut production was estimated at 135,900 tonnes, a 15.6% decrease compared to the 2024 crop, when approximately 161,000 tons were harvested. The crop remained extremely dependent on rainfall conditions in the semi-arid region, especially regarding the regularity and distribution of rainfall during the flowering and fruit-filling phases. In 2025, drought events and irregular rainfall during critical stages of the production cycle, in much of the Northeast region, were responsible for lower fruit set and the intensification of phytosanitary problems, with direct repercussions on average national productivity.

In a monthly comparison, the national production estimate was revised from 144,300 tonnes to 135,900 tonnes, a decrease of 5.8% in the period, equivalent to approximately 8,400 tonnes less. In Ceará, the largest national producer, the estimated production suffered a decline of 1.1%, from 84,800 tonnes to 83,900 tonnes, due to localized droughts and the incidence of pests and diseases, such as anthracnose, in some areas. In Piauí, the review was more intense, resulting in a significant revision of production from 28,800 tonnes to 14,500 tonnes (-49.6%), due to losses associated with weather conditions and phytosanitary problems reduced the setting and quality of the chestnuts. In Rio Grande do Norte, there was a significant monthly increase of 35.4%, from 20,100 tonnes to 27,200 tonnes, sustained by an increase in area and a slight increase of 1.2% in yield.

WINTER CEREALS (in grain) – The main winter cereals produced in Brazil are wheat, white oats, and barley. For wheat (in grain), the estimated production reached 7.9 million tonnes, an increase of 0.6% compared to the previous month and growth of 5.1% compared to 2024. The decline in the cultivated area of ​​wheat in the 2025 harvest is due to the cereal prices, which were showing low profitability at the time of planting, as well as the discouragement of producers, who have been experiencing losses in production and quality of the cereal in recent crops due to weather problems.

The Southern Region is expected to account for 86.2% of Brazilian wheat production. In Rio Grande do Sul, the country's main producer, with 46.4% of the national total, production is expected to reach 3.7 million tonnes, a 0.8% decline compared to the previous year's crop, due to a smaller cultivated area (-13.2%), although the average yield shows a 14.3% increase. In Paraná, the second largest Brazilian wheat producer, with a 35.1% share of the total, production was estimated at 2.8 million tonnes, increases of 0.8% compared to October and 17.4% compared to the previous year's crop, when production was severely affected by weather problems. Santa Catarina's production is expected to reach 371,400 tonnes, a 6.9% increase compared to October. Compared to the previous year, Santa Catarina's production showed a 12.9% decline.

Oat (grain) production was estimated at 1.4 million tonnes, an increase of 0.3% compared to the previous month and 28.2% compared to the volume harvested in 2024. The largest producers of the cereal are Rio Grande do Sul, with 958,800 tonnes, an increase of 18.5% compared to the volume harvested in 2024; and Paraná, with 246,700 tonnes, increases of 1.3% compared to October and 48.2% compared to 2024, with the average yield showing a growth of 36.0% compared to the previous year, expected to reach 2,381 kg/ha. The production in Santa Catarina is expected to reach 51,000 tonnes, an increase of 3.0% compared to the previous month and 2.3% compared to 2024.

For barley (grain), the estimated production was 607,400 tonnes, an increase of 2.9% compared to the previous month and 45.9% compared to the volume produced in 2024. The largest barley producers are Paraná, with 486,400 tonnes, an increase of 3.5% compared to October and 69.4% compared to 2024, expected to account for 80.1% of the Brazilian crops in 2025; and Rio Grande do Sul, with a production of 101,600 tonnes, a decline of 6.9% compared to the volume produced in 2024. Although the planted area and the area to be harvested are showing a decline of 14.1%, the average yield increased by 8.4%. The production from Rio Grande do Sul represented 16.7% of the total barley produced in 2025.

BEANS (in grain) – Three crops comprise Brazilian bean production, with the second crop standing out, gaining more importance in recent years due to producers' preference for cultivating soybeans in the summer harvest (first crop) because of its higher profitability and market liquidity. The November estimate for bean production, considering all three crops, should reach 3.0 million tonnes, a reduction of 1.1% compared to October and 3.0% compared to the 2024 crop. Paraná is the largest national producer of beans, estimating a production of 839,800 tonnes or 28.0% of the national crop; followed by Minas Gerais with 474,200 tonnes or 15.8% of the national crop. Next comes Goiás, with 369,800 tonnes or 12.3% of the total, and Mato Grosso with 365,100 tonnes or 12.1% of the total.

The estimate for the first bean crop was 958,300 tonnes, representing 31.9% of the total among the three crops, 2.7% less than the October survey. Regarding geographic regions, there was a decline in the estimated bean production in the North (-6.4%), Northeast (-9.9%), and Central-West (-2.9%) regions, while the South and Southeast regions maintained their production estimates. The second bean crop was estimated at 1.3 million tonnes, corresponding to 42.8% of the total among the three crops. There was a decline in production in the Northeast Region (-2.2%), with particularly negative results in Paraíba (-47.3%), Pernambuco (-12.5%), Alagoas (-28.3%), and Ceará (-0.8%), and an increase in Piauí (259.1%). In the North Region, there was growth of 2.6%, with increases in Pará (19.0%), Amapá (0.4%), and Tocantins (1.2%). In the South Region, there was a decline of 0.4%, with Paraná influencing the result (-0.4%). In the Central-West and Southeast Regions, production remained stable. Regarding third-crop beans, the November production estimate was 759,400 tonnes, a 0.5% reduction compared to the previous month. The Federal District reported a 14.5% reduction compared to October, with an expected production of 22,600 tonnes.

CORN (grain) - The estimated corn production was 141.6 million tonnes, a record in the IBGE's time series, representing a 23.5% increase compared to the volume produced in 2024. The first corn crop showed a production of 25.8 million tonnes, a 1.2% decline compared to October, however, a 12.4% increase compared to the volume produced at the same time in 2024. There was growth in the estimate in all regions of the country: North (24.7%), Northeast (4.4%), Southeast (4.8%), South (21.6%) and Central-West (5.5%). The positive highlights in November were the increases in estimates for Amazonas (90.4%), Pará (0.4%), Rio de Janeiro (0.1%), Maranhão (0.1%), and Goiás (0.3%). The negative highlights were: Roraima (-3.7%), Piauí (-13.7%), Ceará (-4.9%), Rio Grande do Norte (-4.2%), Paraíba (-63.3%), Pernambuco (-10.8%), Paraná (-0.1%), and Mato Grosso (-22.5%). Rio Grande do Sul is the largest Brazilian producer of first-crop corn, with a 20.6% share and an estimated production of 5.3 million tonnes, 17.4% higher than the volume produced in the previous year. In Minas Gerais, the second largest producer of first-crop corn in the country, production is expected to reach 4.4 million tonnes, a 6.0% increase compared to the volume produced in 2024, with a 3.4% growth in harvested area and a 2.6% increase in average yield.

Regarding second-crop corn production, it showed growth of 0.3% compared to the previous month and 26.2% compared to the volume produced at the same time in 2024, reaching 115.9 million tonnes, a record estimate in the IBGE's time series. Compared to the previous year, there were increases of 7.0% in the area to be harvested and 18.0% in average yield. The weather benefited the second-crop crops, with greater rainfall availability, particularly in the Central-West Region. Mato Grosso is the largest Brazilian producer of second-crop corn, accounting for 47.1% of the total. Production is expected to reach 54.6 million tonnes, a 14.9% increase compared to the volume harvested in 2024. Paraná is the second largest Brazilian producer of second-crop corn, accounting for 15.2% of the total. Production is expected to reach 17.6 million tonnes, representing a 1.0% increase compared to October and a 40.5% increase compared to the previous year. Goiás is the third largest producer of second-crop corn, accounting for 12.5% ​​of the national total. Production is expected to reach 14.5 million tonnes, a 23.7% increase compared to the previous year, with increases of 10.7% in the area to be harvested and 11.7% in the average yield. Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil's fourth-largest producer of second-crop corn, maintained its estimate from the previous month, reporting 14.0 million tonnes, a 79.9% increase compared to the volume produced in 2024, when the state faced one of the worst droughts in recent years and had its corn production compromised.

SOYBEANS (grain) – National production of the oilseed is expected to reach a new record in the time series in 2025, totaling 166.0 million tonnes, a 14.5% increase compared to the amount obtained in the previous year. In this survey, there were few reviews compared to the previous month, keeping the amount produced in the National Territory stable. Current projections indicate a record crop, driven by favorable weather conditions in most of the country's producing regions, and by the expansion of the planted area.

Mato Grosso, the largest national producer of the oilseed, reached the mark of 50.2 million tonnes harvested in the year, an annual growth of 28.2%. Paraná, with a production of 21.4 million tonnes, is expected to have the second-highest harvest volume of the year, representing a recovery compared to the previous crop, with a growth of 14.6%, although still behind the record volume harvested in the state in 2023. Goiás, in turn, is expected to total 20.2 million tonnes, an annual growth of 19.1%. Rio Grande do Sul estimated a production of 13.6 million tonnes, representing a reduction of 25.2% compared to the previous year, due to lower crop productivity (-28.4%), which was severely affected by adverse weather conditions throughout the summer period.

SORGHUM (grain) – Sorghum production reached 5.4 million tonnes, a growth of 3.4% compared to the previous month, with increases of 0.4% in average yield and 2.9% in harvested area. In annual terms, grain production increased by 35.4%. The main information for November came from Piauí, which estimated 251,500 tonnes, a growth of 229.6% compared to October, or 149,800 tonnes more; and 147.2% compared to the volume produced in 2024, representing 175,200 tonnes more. The area to be harvested showed a growth of 129.2% compared to the previous month, while the average yield increased by 43.8%. In the annual comparison, the harvested area grew by 97.4% and the average yield increased by 25.2%.

Brazilian grain crops are expected to total 335.7 million tonnes in 2026

The Brazilian grain crops (cereals, legumes and oilseeds) in 2026 is expected to total 335.7 million tonnes, a decline of 3.0% compared to 2025, or 10.2 million tonnes. The decline in production compared to the 2025 crop is mainly due to lower projected estimates for corn (-6.8% or -9.6 million tonnes, representing a 6.4% increase compared to the first crop and a 9.7% decrease compared to the second crop), sorghum (-14.6% or -787,900 tonnes), rice (-8.0% or -1.0 million tonnes), upland cottonseed (-11.6% or -1.1 million tonnes), wheat (-4.0% or -319,200 tonnes), and first-crop beans (-3.5% or -33,600 tonnes). For soybeans, a production increase of 1.0% or 1.6 million tonnes was estimated.

The area to be harvested in the 2026 crop season is 82.3 million hectares, a growth of 0.9% or 773,300 hectares. Regarding the area to be harvested for the products, positive changes were observed for: first-crop corn (1.5% or 336,600 hectares, being 4.4% or 194,100 hectares for first-crop corn and 0.8% or 142,500 hectares for second-crop corn) and soybeans (0.0% or 5,800 hectares). Negative changes were observed for: upland cottonseed (-6.5% or -139,600 hectares), rice (-3.6% or -62,000 hectares), and first-crop beans (-3.8% or -43,800 hectares).

There were increases in the estimated area to be harvested in Mato Grosso (3.3%), Rio Grande do Sul (1.7%), Tocantins (1.9%), Pará (6.4%), and Rondônia (2.4%). Decreases were observed in Goiás. (-0.4%), Mato Grosso do Sul (-1.1%), Minas Gerais (-0.3%), Bahia (-3.5%), São Paulo (-1.3%), Maranhão (-0.2%), Piauí (-3.1%), Santa Catarina (-0.4%) and Ceará (-0.3%).

UPLAND COTTONSEED – The estimate for upland cottonseed production is 8.7 million tonnes, a 6.5% decline compared to the first forecast, due to the smaller cultivated area, which should reach 2.0 million hectares, a 5.0% reduction. Compared to 2025, the drop in estimates reaches 11.6%, with declines of 6.5% in planted area and 5.5% in productivity.

The last three cycles of the crop were record production years: in 2023, with very favorable weather for crop development, and in 2024, with an increase in area. Planted area increased by 16.1%, encouraged by product prices that offered good profitability. In 2025, there was an increase in area and productivity, resulting from a more favorable climate for crops and compensating prices during the planting season, which motivated producers to expand their areas. These record productions increased supply and pressured prices, which then declined, discouraging producers from increasing the area to be planted for 2026.

RICE (paddy) – The estimate for rice production is 11.6 million tonnes, declines of 1.5% compared to the first forecast estimate and 8.0% compared to 2025, with decreases of 3.9% in planted area and 4.6% in average yield. Prices and profitability of the crop are at low levels for the producer, which should not encourage an increase in area and investments in crops. In Rio Grande do Sul, the estimated production was 7.9 million tonnes, a 2.3% reduction compared to the first forecast and a 9.2% decrease compared to 2025, with drops of 3.7% in planted area and 5.8% in average yield. The state is expected to account for approximately 68.3% of national production, with its irrigated crops associated with high technology and proper management, allowing for high productivity.

BEANS (in grain) - The second forecast for bean production in 2026, considering the three crops, is 3.0 million tonnes, a 0.2% reduction compared to the crops in 2025. The first crop is expected to produce 924,700 tonnes; the second crop, 1.3 million tonnes; and the third crop, 784,700 tonnes. Despite the reduction compared to 2025, this production should suffice to meet Brazilian domestic demand in 2026, with no need to import the product.

The area to be harvested in the summer crop (1st crop) should reach 1.1 million hectares, a 3.8% reduction compared to 2025, while the estimate for the average yield, at 833 kg/ha, showed a growth of 0.4%. Compared to the 1st Forecast (October), the estimate showed a decline of 0.6%, with the area to be harvested decreasing by 0.9% and the average yield increasing by 0.2%.

The area to be harvested in second-crop  beans should reach 1.1 million hectares, an increase of 0.8% compared to the same period in 2025. The production estimate increased by 0.3% compared to the 1st Forecast (October) and by 0.2% compared to the volume produced in the same crop of 2025.

For the 3rd crop, the area of planting is expected to reach 282,200 hectares, a 0.2% decline compared to 2025. Production is expected to grow 3.3%, influenced by the average yield, 3.6% higher. The largest Brazilian producers of beans at this time are: Goiás, with 256,300 tonnes; Minas Gerais, with 177,200 tonnes; Mato Grosso, with 176,300 tonnes; and São Paulo, with 142,100 tonnes.

CORN (grain) – The estimate for corn production in 2026 is 132.1 million tonnes, a decline of 6.8% or 9.6 million tonnes compared to the 2025 crop. Field information, based on planting intentions or actual planting, reaches 78.3%, while projections made by calculating averages of the last five years, eliminating extremes, represented 21.7%.

For the first crop, production was estimated at 27.4 million tonnes, an increase of 4.2% compared to the 1st Forecast (October) and 6.4% compared to the volume produced in the 2025 crop. Favorable weather conditions prevailed for corn production in 2025. For the new 2026 crop, a 3.7% increase in planted area is expected. To date, there are no reports of rainfall restrictions in the main corn-producing states, which also reinforces the possibility of increased corn production in the current summer crop.

For second-corn crop, the production estimate is 104.6 million tonnes, an increase of 2.4% compared to October (1st Forecast) and a decline of 9.7% compared to 2025, with a 10.4% reduction in average yield. Since the 2025 crop benefited from favorable weather during the second crop season, the comparison base for the previous crop is relatively strong, so that the weather is not expected to be as favorable as it was for 2026.

SOYBEANS (grain) – The second production estimate for 2026 showed a monthly review of -0.1% in the total harvested volume, due to the expected 0.2% decrease in the harvested area. With 76.1% of the data collected in the field, the November survey indicates that soybean production should increase by 1.0% compared to 2025, totaling 167.6 million tonnes, which would constitute a new record in national production of the legume, surpassing the production recorded in the previous year. The growth in production should occur mainly due to the expected 0.9% increase in average yield, totaling 3,513 kg/ha.

SORGHUM (grain) - The second forecast for the 2026 sorghum crop is 4.6 million tonnes, a decline of 0.2% compared to October (1st Forecast) and 14.6% compared to the volume produced in 2025. The climate in 2025 benefited sorghum crops, mainly during the second crop, the period when the cereal is most cultivated, with some producing states even experiencing a prolonged rainy season, adding a significant increase in crop productivity. Sorghum production should account for 1.4% of the national total of grains, cereals, legumes and oilseeds, distributed across 1.5 million hectares.